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Ukukhutshwa kwemercury evela kubugcisa kunye nemigodi yegolide encinci kumzantsi wehemisphere yodlula ukutshiswa kwamalahle njengowona mthombo mkhulu wemekyuri kwihlabathi. imigodi yegolide ifumene ingeniso yemekyuri ephezulu kakhulu, enetotali enyusiweyo kunye nemethylmercury emoyeni, amagqabi ecanopy, kunye nomhlaba. Apha, sibonisa okokuqala ukuba iicanopies zamahlathi ezingaguqukiyo kufutshane nemigodi yegolide yobugcisa zithintela izixa ezikhulu zemekyuri kunye negesi yegesi ngamazinga alinganayo. Sibhala uqokelelo olukhulu lwemekyuri emhlabeni, ibiomass kunye neentaka eziculayo ezihlala kwezinye zezona ngingqi zikhuselweyo nezityebileyo zendalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zaseAmazon, siphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nokuba ungcoliseko lwemekyuri luyithintela njani imizamo yangoku neyexesha elizayo yolondolozo lwendalo kulo mbuzo. .
Umceli mngeni okhulayo wezinto eziphilayo zamahlathi ashinyeneyo kukumbiwa kwegolide kwezobuchwephesha kunye nezincinane (ASGM). Olu hlobo lokwembiwa kwegolide lwenzeka kumazwe angaphezu kwama-70, amaxesha amaninzi ngokungekho sikweni okanye ngokungekho mthethweni, kwaye lubalelwa malunga ne-20% yemveliso yegolide yehlabathi1.Ngelixa i-ASGM yindlela yokuphila ebalulekileyo kuluntu lwengingqi, kubangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokubanzi2,3, ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwamahlathi ukuya kumachibi4, umxholo ophezulu wentlenga kwimilambo ekufutshane5,6, kwaye inegalelo elikhulu kwi-atmosphere yehlabathi Ukukhutshwa kwe-mercury (Hg) kunye nokukhutshwa okukhulu. imithombo yemekyuri yamanzi ahlaziyekileyo 7. Iziza ezininzi ze-ASGM ezigqwesileyo zikwiindawo zezityalo nezilwanyana zehlabathi, ezikhokelela ekulahlekeni kweyantlukwano8, ilahleko yeentlobo ezibuthathaka9 kunye nabantu10,11,12 kunye namarhamncwa aphezulu13, ali-14 ekuchanabekeni okuphezulu kwimekyuri.Kuqikelelwa ukuba zingama-675–1000 iitoni zemercury. I-Hg yr-1 iyaguquguquka kwaye ikhutshwe kwi-atmosphere yehlabathi ukusuka kwimisebenzi ye-ASGM ngonyaka7. Ukusetyenziswa kobuninzi bemercury ngamagcisa kunye nemigodi yegolide encinci iye yatshintsha imithombo emikhulu.ye-atmospheric mercury emissions ukusuka kumntla wehlabathi ukuya kumazantsi wehlabathi, kunye nefuthe kwi-mercury fate, uthutho kunye neepateni zokuvezwa.Nangona kunjalo, kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nesiphelo soku kukhutshwa kwemekyuri ye-atmospheric kunye neepatheni zabo kunye neepatheni zokuqokelela kwi-ASGM-impembelelo yomhlaba.
I-International Minamata Convention on Mercury yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2017, kwaye iNqaku lesi-7 lithetha ngokuthe ngqo ukukhutshwa kwe-mercury evela kwi-artisanal kunye nemigodi yegolide encinci. ukugxininiswa kwegolide kunye nokukhulula igesi elemental mercury (GEM; Hg0) kwi-atmosphere. Oku kwenzeka nangona iinzame zamaqela afana neNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNEP) Global Mercury Partnership, iUnited Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) kunye neeNGOs ukukhuthaza abasebenzi basezimayini ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-mercury.Njengoko oku kubhalwa kwi-2021, amazwe angama-132, kuquka iPeru, asayine iNgqungquthela yaseMinamata kwaye sele eqalise ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso zezenzo zelizwe ukujongana ngokukodwa nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-mercury enxulumene ne-ASGM. ibandakanywe, igcineke kwaye iphelele, kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto eziqhuba intlalo noqoqosho kunye neengozi zokusingqongileyo15,16,17,18.Izicwangciso zangoku zokujongana neziphumo zemekhyuri kokusingqongileyo zijolise kumngcipheko wemekyyuri ohambelana nokwembiwa kwegolide kufutshane nendalo yasemanzini, ebandakanya abasebenzi basezimayini kunye nabantu abahlala kufutshane nokutshiswa kwe-amalgam, kunye noluntu olutya izixa ezikhulu zeentlanzi ezidliwayo. Ngokuphefumla umphunga wemekyuri ukusuka ekutsha kwe-amalgam, ukuvezwa kwemekyuri yokutya ngokusetyenziswa kwentlanzi, kunye ne-mercury bioaccumulation kwiiwebhu zokutya zasemanzini ibe yeyona nto kugxilwe kuyo uninzi lophando lwezenzululwazi olunxulumene ne-ASGM, kubandakanya neAmazon.Izifundo zakwangoko (umzekelo, bona i-Lodenius kunye ne-Malm19).
I-ecosystems zomhlaba zikwasemngciphekweni wokuvezwa imekyuri kwi-ASGM.Atmospheric Hg ekhutshwe kwi-ASGM njengoko iGEM inokubuyela kumhlaba osemhlabeni ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili20 (Fig. 1): I-GEM inokubhengezwa kumasuntswana emoyeni, athi ke ahlulwe imiphezuluI-GEM inokufunxwa ngokuthe ngqo zizityalo kwaye ifakwe kwizicubu zazo;Okokugqibela, iGEM inokufakwa oksijini kwiintlobo zeHg(II), ezinokuthi zome zifakwe, zifakwe kwi-atmospheric particles, okanye zifakwe emanzini emvula.Ezi ndlela zibonelela ngemercury emhlabeni ngamanzi eengxangxasi (okt, imvula enqumla kwicanopy yomthi), inkunkuma, kunye imvula, ngokulandelelanayo.Ukufakwa okumanzi kunokumiselwa yi-mercury fluxes kwintlenga eqokelelwe kwiindawo ezivulekileyo.Ukubekwa okomileyo kunokumiselwa njengenani le-mercury flux kwi-litter kunye ne-mercury flux ekwindla kuthatyathwe i-mercury flux kwimvula.Inani lezifundo baye babhala i-mercury etyetyiswayo kwi-ecosystems yasemhlabeni kunye ne-aquatic ecosystems kufutshane nomsebenzi we-ASGM (bona, umzekelo, isishwankathelo setheyibhile kwi-Gerson et al. 22), mhlawumbi ngenxa yegalelo le-sedimentary mercury kunye nokukhululwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-mercury. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa uphuculo oluphuculweyo Ukubekwa kwemekyuri kufutshane ne-ASGM kusenokuba ngenxa yokutshiswa kwe-mercury-gold amalgam, akucaci ukuba le Hg ithuthwa njani kumhlaba wommandla kunye nokubaluleka kokuzalana kokubekwa okwahlukileyo.iindlela ezikufutshane ne-ASGM.
I-Mercury ekhutshwa njenge-gaseous elemental mercury (GEM; Hg0) inokufakwa kwi-landscape ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezintathu ze-atmospheric.Okokuqala, i-GEM inokuthi ifakwe kwi-ionic Hg (Hg2+), enokuthi ifakwe kumathontsi amanzi kwaye ifakwe kwindawo yamagqabi njengamanzi okanye idiphozithi ezomileyo.Okwesibini, ii-GEMs zinokubhengeza i-atmospheric particulate matter (Hgp), ehlanjululwa ngamagqabi kwaye ihlanjwe kwi-landscape ngokusebenzisa iingxangxasi kunye ne-ionic Hg.Okwesithathu, i-GEM inokufunxwa kwizicubu zeqabunga, ngelixa i-Hg ifakwe kwi Imbonakalo-mhlaba njengenkunkuma. Kunye namanzi awayo kunye nenkunkuma ithathwa njengoqikelelo lwetotali ye-mercury deposition.Nangona i-GEM inokuphinda isasaze kwaye ibhengeze ngqo kumhlaba kunye nenkunkuma77, le isenokungabi yeyona ndlela iphambili yokungena kwimekyuri kwi-ikhosistim yomhlaba.
Silindele ukuba ugxininiso lwegesi olusisiseko semekyuri lunciphe kumgama osuka kwimithombo yokukhupha imekyuri. Ekubeni iindlela ezimbini kwezintathu zokubekwa kwemekyuri kwiindawo zomhlaba (ngokuwa kunye nenkunkuma) zixhomekeke kunxibelelwano lwemekyuri nemiphezulu yezityalo, sinokuqikelela kwakhona isantya imekyuri ekuyo. ifakwe kwi-ecosystems kunye nokuba inzima kangakanani kwizilwanyana Umngcipheko wokuchaphazeleka umiselwa yisakhiwo sezityalo, njengoko kubonisiwe ngoqwalaselo lwamahlathi akwi-boreal nanemozulu epholileyo kwi-latitudes esemantla23.Nangona kunjalo, siyaqonda ukuba umsebenzi we-ASGM uyenzeka rhoqo kwiindawo ezishushu, apho ubume be-canopy kunye nobuninzi obuzalanayo bendawo yamagqabi eveziweyo iyahluka kakhulu.Ukubaluleka kokuzalana kwemecury deposition pathways kule ecosystems ayikachazwanga ngokucacileyo, ingakumbi kumahlathi akufutshane nemekyuri ephuma kwimekyuri, ubunzulu bayo obungafane bubonwe kumahlathi ebhoreal.Ke ngoko, kule uphononongo, sibuza le mibuzo ilandelayo: (1) njani gaseous elemental mercury concentrations kunyeiindlela zokubeka ziyahluka ngokusondeleyo kwe-ASGM kunye nesalathiso sendawo yegqabi kwikhenopi yengingqi?(2) Ngaba ugcino lwemekyuri yomhlaba lunxulumene negalelo lomoya?(3) Ngaba bukho ubungqina bokwanda kwemercury bioaccumulation ephakamileyo kwiintaka eziculayo ezihlala ehlathini kufutshane ne-ASGM? ngowokuqala ukuvavanya amagalelo e-mercury deposition kufuphi nomsebenzi we-ASGM kunye nendlela i-canopy cover ehambelana ngayo nezi patheni, kwaye ngowokuqala ukulinganisa i-methylmercury (MeHg) ukugxila kwi-Peruvian Amazon landscape. Imercury kunye nemethylmercury kumagqabi, inkunkuma, kunye nomhlaba osehlathini kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezigawulweyo ecaleni komgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-200 zoMlambo iMadre de Dios kumzantsi-mpuma wePeru. Izinto eziqhuba i-atmospheric Hg concentrations (GEM) kunye ne-Hg emanzi yokubeka (imvula ephezulu)Ubume be-canopy, i-21,24 sikwalindele ukuba iindawo ezinamahlathi zibe namagalelo aphezulu e-mercury kuneendawo ezikufutshane ezigawulwe ngamahlathi, ezithi, xa kunikwa isalathisi sendawo yamagqabi aphezulu kunye nokubamba i-mercury, inqaku elinye liyaxhalabisa.I-Amazon Forest. ukuhlala emahlathini akufutshane needolophu ezinemigodi kunamanqanaba aphezulu e-mercury kunezilwanyana ezihlala kude neendawo zemigodi.
Uphando lwethu lwenzeka kwiphondo laseMadre de Dios kumzantsi-mpuma wePeruvian Amazon, apho ngaphezu kwe-100,000 yeehektare zehlathi ziye zagawulwa ukuze zenze i-ASGM3 ye-alluvial ekufuphi, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngaphakathi, imihlaba ekhuselweyo kunye noovimba belizwe. imigodi ecaleni kwemilambo kule ngingqi yasentshona yeAmazon iye yanda kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo25 kwaye kulindeleke ukuba inyuke ngamaxabiso aphezulu egolide kunye nokwandiswa koqhagamshelo kumaziko asezidolophini ngoohola bendlela betransoceanic Imisebenzi iya kuqhubeka 3.Sikhethe iziza ezimbini ngaphandle kwemigodi (Boca Manu kunye neChilive , malunga ne-100 kunye nama-50 km ukusuka kwi-ASGM, ngokulandelelanayo) – emva koku kubhekiselwa kuzo “njengeziza ezikude” – kunye neziza ezithathu ezikummandla wemigodi – emva koku zibhekiselwa kuzo “njengeziza ezikude” zemigodi” (Fig. 2A). Ezimbini zemigodi Iindawo ezikwihlathi lesibini kufutshane nedolophu yaseBoca Colorado kunye neLa Bellinto, kwaye indawo enye yemigodi ikwihlathi elidala elikhula kwiLos Amigos Conservatio.n Unikezelo.Qaphela ukuba kwimigodi yaseBoca Colorado kunye neLaberinto yomgodi, umphunga wemekyuri okhutshwa ekutsha kwe-mercury-gold amalgam ubakho rhoqo, kodwa eyona ndawo kunye nesixa asaziwa njengoko le misebenzi isoloko ingekho sikweni kwaye isenziwa ngokufihlakeleyo;siya kudibanisa imigodi kunye ne-mercury Alloy combustion ngokudibeneyo ibizwa ngokuba "ngumsebenzi we-ASGM".Kwisiza ngasinye, sifake iisampulu zentlenga kuwo omabini amasizini omileyo naneemvula kwiindawo zokugawulwa kwamahlathi (iindawo zokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ezingenazo kwaphela izityalo zemithi) naphantsi kweekheneli zemithi (ehlathini). iindawo) kwiziganeko ezithathu zonyaka (inyanga nganye ehlala kwi-1- 2 iinyanga) ) Ukufakwa okumanzi kunye nokuhla kokungena kwaqokelelwa ngokwahlukileyo, kwaye iisampulu zomoya we-passive zafakwa kwindawo evulekileyo ukuqokelela i-GEM.Kunyaka olandelayo, ngokusekelwe kwi-deposition ephezulu. amaxabiso alinganiswa kunyaka wokuqala, siye safaka abaqokeleli kwiindawo ezintandathu ezongezelelweyo zehlathi eLos Amigos.
Iimephu zeendawo ezintlanu zesampulu ziboniswa njengezangqa ezityheli.Iziza ezibini (iBoca Manu, eChilive) zikwindawo ezikude nemigodi yegolide, kwaye iziza ezintathu (iLos Amigos, iBoca Colorado neLaberinto) zibekwe kwindawo ezichatshazelwa yimigodi. , kunye needolophu zemigodi eziboniswe njengonxantathu oluhlaza.Umfanekiso ubonisa indawo eqhelekileyo yamahlathi kunye nemimandla egawulweyo echatshazelwa yimigodi.Kuwo onke amanani, umgca oqhawukileyo ubonisa umgca wokwahlula phakathi kweendawo ezimbini ezikude (ekhohlo) kunye neziza ezithathu ezichatshazelwe yimigodi ( ekunene).B Ugxininiso lwegesi yegesi yemercury (GEM) kwindawo nganye kwixesha lonyaka elomileyo lika-2018 (n = 1 isampulu ezimeleyo kwindawo nganye; iisimboli zesikwere) kunye nexesha leemanzi (n = 2 iisampulu ezizimeleyo; iisimboli zesikwere) amaxesha onyaka.C Iyonke yoxinzelelo lwemercury kwimvula eqokelelwe ehlathini (ibhokisi yebhokisi eluhlaza) kunye nokuchithwa kwamahlathi (brown boxplot) kwiindawo ngexesha elomileyo le-2018. Kuzo zonke iibhokisi zebhokisi, imigca imele i-medians, iibhokisi zibonisa i-Q1 kunye ne-Q3, i-whiskers imele amaxesha angama-1.5 ububanzi be-interquartile (n =Iisampulu ezi-5 ezizimeleyo kwindawo nganye yehlathi, n = 4 iisampulu ezizimeleyo kwisampulu yesayithi yokugawulwa kwamahlathi).D Iyonke imilinganiselo yemercury kumagqabi aqokelelwe kwicanopy yeFicus insipida kunye ne-Inga feuillei ngexesha elomileyo kwi-2018 (i-axis yasekhohlo;isikwere esimnyama esiluhlaza kunye neesimboli eziluhlaza ezikhanyayo ezinxantathu, ngokulandelelanayo) kunye nakwinkunkuma eninzi emhlabeni (i-axis yasekunene; iisimboli zesangqa somnquma oluhlaza) .Amaxabiso aboniswa njengentsingiselo kunye nokutenxa okusemgangathweni (n = 3 iisampulu ezizimeleyo kwindawo nganye yamagqabi aphilayo, n = 1 isampula ezimeleyo ye-litter) .E Ingqikithi ye-mercury concentrations kumhlaba ongaphezulu (phezulu 0-5 cm) eqokelelwe ehlathini (green boxplot) kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi (brown boxplot) kwiindawo ngexesha elomileyo le-2018 (n = 3 iisampulu ezizimeleyo kwisiza ngasinye .Idatha yamanye amaxesha onyaka iboniswe kwi-Figure 1.S1 kunye ne-S2.
I-Atmospheric mercury concentrations (GEM) yayihambelana noqikelelo lwethu, kunye namaxabiso aphezulu malunga nomsebenzi we-ASGM-ingakumbi malunga needolophu ezitshisa i-Hg-gold amalgam-kunye namaxabiso aphantsi kwiindawo ezikude neendawo zemigodi esebenzayo (Fig. 2B). iindawo ezikude, ugxininiso lwe-GEM lungaphantsi kwe-avareji ye-avareji yogxininiso lwemvelaphi kwi-hemisphere esezantsi malunga ne-1 ng m-326. Ngokwahlukileyo, ugxininiso lwe-GEM kuyo yonke imigodi emithathu yayingamaxesha angama-2-14 aphezulu kuneemigodi ezikude, kunye nokugxininiswa kwimigodi ekufutshane. ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10.9 ng m-3) zithelekiseka nezo zikwimimandla yasezidolophini nasezidolophini, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha igqithile kwezo zase-US, iMimandla yoShishino eChina naseKorea owona mthombo uphakamileyo wemekyuri yomoya kule ndawo ikude yaseAmazon.
Ngelixa ugxininiso lwe-GEM ekucoceni lulandelelwe ukuba kufutshane nemigodi, ukugxininiswa kwemekyuri iyonke kwiingxangxasi ezigqobhozayo kuxhomekeke ekubeni kufutshane nemigodi kunye nesakhiwo secanopy yehlathi. Ugxininiso lwemercury kumahlathi akhulileyo angaguqukiyo ngaphakathi kwendawo yemigodi (Fig. 2C) .Los Amigos Conservation Conservation yayinomlinganiselo ophezulu wokugxininiswa kwe-mercury iyonke ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo (uluhlu: 18-61 ng L-1) ingxelo kuncwadi kwaye yathelekiseka kumanqanaba alinganiswe kwiziza ezingcoliswe yimigodi ye-cinnabar kunye nokutshiswa kwamalahle kwimizi-mveliso.Umahluko, 28 eGuizhou, eChina.Kulwazi lwethu, ezi xabiso zibonisa ubuninzi bemercury fluxes yonyaka ebalwa kusetyenziswa ixesha elomileyo nelimanzi loxinzelelo lwemercury kunye namazinga emvula (71 µg m-2 yr-1; Itheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo 1). Ezinye iziza ezibini zemigodi bezingenawo amanqanaba aphezulu e-mercury xa kuthelekiswa neziza ezikude (uluhlu: 8-31 ng L-1; 22-34 µg m-2 yr-1). Ngaphandle kwe-Hg, kuphela i-aluminiyam kunye imanganese inyuse ubungakanani bemveliso kwindawo yemigodi, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokucocwa komhlaba okunxulumene nokwembiwa;zonke ezinye izinto ezilinganisiweyo ezinkulu kunye ne-trace elements azizange zihluke phakathi kwemigodi kunye neendawo ezikude (iFayile yeDatha eyoNgezelelweyo ye-1), ukufunyaniswa okuhambelana ne-leaf mercury dynamics 29 kunye nokutsha kwe-ASGM amalgam, kunokuba uthuli oluphuma emoyeni, njengomthombo oyintloko we-mercury ekwindla okungena ngaphakathi. .
Ukongeza ekusebenzeni njengee-adsorbents ze-particle kunye ne-gaseous mercury, amaqabunga ezityalo angakwazi ukufunxa ngokuthe ngqo kwaye adibanise i-GEM kwii-tissue30,31. Enyanisweni, kwiindawo ezikufutshane nomsebenzi we-ASGM, udoti ngumthombo omkhulu we-mercury deposition.Mean concentrations ye-Hg (0.080) –0.22 µg g−1) elinganiswe kumagqabi aphilayo ekhenopi asuka kuzo zozithathu iziza zemigodi agqithise kumaxabiso apapashiweyo amahlathi apholileyo, amahlathi ashinyeneyo, kunye namahlathi eAlpine kuMntla Melika, eYurophu, naseAsia, kwakunye namanye amahlathi aseAmazonia kuMzantsi Merika, ibekwe eMzantsi Melika.Iindawo ezikude kunye nemithombo yeendawo ezikufutshane Itotali yoxinaniso lwemekyuri kwinkunkuma eninzi kunye namagqabi e-canopy alinganiswa kumahlathi aphakathi ngaphakathi kwendawo yemigodi.Nangona kunjalo, uqikelelo lwenkunkuma yemercury fluxes yayiphezulu kwihlathi lokuqala elingaguqukiyo kumgodi waseLos Amigos, mhlawumbi ngenxa yobunzima obukhulu benkunkuma.Saphinda-phinda ngaphambili ingxelo yePeruvian Amazon 35 yiHg elinganiswe kwilitha (umyinge phakathi kwamaxesha onyaka amanzi nawomileyo) (Fig. 3A) .Eli galelo licebisa ukuba kufutshane nemimandla yemigodi kunye nesikhuseli somthi wecanopy anegalelo elikhulu kumthwalo wemercury kwi-ASGM kulo mmandla.
Idatha iboniswe kwindawo yehlathi kunye ne-B yokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Iindawo ezigawulweyo zaseLos Amigos kukugawulwa kwesikhululo sendawo esenza inxalenye encinci yomhlaba wonke. phezulu kwe-0-5 cm yomhlaba, amachibi aboniswa njengezangqa kwaye abonakaliswe kwi-μg m-2. Ipesenti imele ipesenti ye-mercury ekhoyo kwi-pool okanye i-flux ngendlela ye-methylmercury. kunye namaxesha emvula (2018) kwi-mercury epheleleyo ngemvula, imvula enkulu, kunye ne-litter, ukwenzela uqikelelo lwe-scale-up of mercury loads.Idatha ye-Methylmercury isekelwe kwi-2018 eyomileyo yonyaka, unyaka ekukuphela kwawo eyalinganiswa ngawo.Jonga "Iindlela" ngolwazi lokudibanisa nokubala okuguquguqukayo.C Ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lulonke lwemercury kunye nesalathiso sendawo yegqabi kwiziza ezisibhozo zeLos Amigos Conservation Conservation, ngokusekwe kwizikwere eziqhelekileyo zobuyiselo-phantsi.D Ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lulonke lwemercury kwimvula kunye netotUmphezulu woxinzelelo lwemekyuri kuzo zontlanu iziza ezisehlathini (izangqa eziluhlaza) kunye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi (onxantathu abamdaka) imimandla, ngokobuncinane obuqhelekileyo bobuyiselo lwezikwere (imivalo yempazamo ibonisa ukutenxa okusemgangathweni).
Ukusebenzisa imvula yexesha elide kunye nedatha ye-litter, sakwazi ukulinganisa imilinganiselo yokungena kunye ne-litter mercury content ukusuka kumaphulo amathathu ukubonelela ngoqikelelo lwe-atmospheric mercury flux yonyaka kwi-Los Amigos Conservation Concession (ukungena + i-litter amount + precipitation) ukwenzela uqikelelo lokuqala.Sifumene ukuba i-atmospheric mercury fluxes kwindawo yokugcina amahlathi akufuphi nomsebenzi we-ASGM ibingaphezulu ngokuphindwe ka-15 ngaphezulu kweendawo ezirhangqwe amahlathi (137 xa kuthelekiswa ne-9 µg Hg m-2 yr-1; Umfanekiso wesi-3 A,B). uqikelelo amanqanaba mercury e Los Amigos idlula ngaphambili ingxelo mercury fluxes kufutshane indawo imithombo mercury emahlathini kuMntla Melika naseYurophu (umzekelo, ukutsha amalahle), kwaye ithelekiseka kumaxabiso kwishishini China 21,36 .Konke kuxelwe, malunga 94 I-% ye-mercury iyonke yokubeka kumahlathi akhuselweyo e-Los Amigos iveliswa ngokubeka okomileyo (ukungena + inkunkuma - i-precipitation mercury), igalelo eliphezulu kakhulu kunelo langaphambili.st landscapes kwihlabathi jikelele.Ezi ziphumo ziqaqambisa amanqanaba aphezulu emekyuri engena emahlathini ngokugalelwa owomileyo kwi-ASGM kunye nokubaluleka kwecanopy yehlathi ekususeni i-ASGM-derived mercury emoyeni. umsebenzi awukho ePeru kuphela.
Ngokwahlukileyo, iindawo ezigawulweyo kwiindawo zemigodi zinamaqondo aphantsi e-mercury, ngokuyininzi ngenxa yemvula enzima, kunye negalelo elincinci le-mercury ngokuwa kunye ne-litter.Ukugxilwa kwe-mercury iyonke kwiintlenga ezininzi kwindawo yomgodi kwakuthelekiswa nezo zilinganiswe kwiindawo ezikude (Fig. 2C ) Uxinzelelo lweMean (uluhlu: 1.5–9.1 ng L-1) lwemercury iyonke kwixesha elomileyo lemvula enkulu yayingaphantsi kunexabiso elixeliweyo ngaphambili kwi-Adirondacks yaseNew York37 kwaye yayingaphantsi ngokubanzi kuneyo ikwimimandla ekude yaseAmazonian38.Ngoko ke, igalelo lemvula enkulu ye-Hg ibisezantsi (8.6-21.5 µg Hg m-2 yr-1) kwindawo ekufutshane egawulwe ngamahlathi xa kuthelekiswa ne-GEM, i-drop-drop kunye neepateni zoxinaniso lwenkunkuma kwindawo yemigodi, kwaye Ayibonakalisi kufutshane nemigodi. .Ngenxa yokuba i-ASGM idinga ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, i-2,3 imimandla egawulweyo apho imisebenzi yemigodi igxininisekile ineempembelelo ezisezantsi zemercury ezivela kwi-atmospheric deposition kuneendawo ezikufutshane namahlathi, nangona ukukhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-ASGM (okufana nokukhutshwa kwe-ASGM).s ukuchitheka kwemekyuri esisiseko okanye iintsalela zezimbiwa) kunokwenzeka ukuba zibe phezulu kakhulu.Phezulu 22.
Utshintsho kwi-mercury fluxes ebonwe kwi-Amazon yasePeruvia iqhutywa ngumahluko omkhulu ngaphakathi naphakathi kweesayithi ngexesha elomileyo (ihlathi kunye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi) (umzobo 2). Ngokwahlukileyo, sabona umahluko omncinci we-intra-site kunye ne-inter-site kunye iHg ephantsi ngexesha lemvula (Fig. 1). Lo mahluko wamaxesha onyaka (Fig. 2B) unokubangelwa kukuqina okuphezulu kwemigodi nothuli lwemveliso ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo. imveliso, ngaloo ndlela inyusa inani lamasuntswana asemoyeni afunxa i-mercury.Mercury kunye nemveliso yothuli ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo inokuba negalelo kwiipatheni ze-mercury flux ngaphakathi kokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi xa kuthelekiswa neendawo zamahlathi zeLos Amigos Conservation Concession.
Njengamagalelo emekyuri asuka kwi-ASGM kwiAmazon yasePeru efakwe kwi-ecosystems yasemhlabeni ikakhulu ngokusebenzisana necanopy yehlathi, siye savavanya ukuba ingaba ukuxinana kwemithi ephezulu (okt, isalathisi sendawo yegqabi) kungakhokelela kugalelo oluphezulu lwemercury. Kwihlathi elingagungqiyo laseLos Amigos I-Conservation Concession, siqokelele ukuhla kwe-drop ukusuka kwi-7 yehlathi kunye ne-canopy densities eyahlukeneyo.Sifumene ukuba isalathisi sendawo yeqabunga yayiyi-predictor eqinile yegalelo lilonke le-mercury ngokuwa, kwaye i-metary total concentration ye-mercury ngokuwa yanda ngesalathisi sendawo yeqabunga (Fig. 3C ) Ezinye izinto ezininzi eziguquguqukayo zikwachaphazela i-mercury input ngokuwa, kuqukwa igqabi elibudala 34, uburhabaxa begqabi, ukuxinana kwesisu, isantya somoya39, isiphithiphithi, ubushushu, kunye namaxesha angaphambi kokoma.
Ngokuhambelana nemilinganiselo ephezulu yokubeka i-mercury, umhlaba ongaphezulu (0-5 cm) wesayithi yehlathi laseLos Amigos uneyona ndawo iphezulu yoxinaniso lwemercury (140 ng g-1 kwixesha elomileyo le-2018; Umzobo 2E) .Ngaphezu koko, ukugxininiswa kwe-mercury kwakukho ityetyiswe kuwo wonke umlinganiselo wenkangeleko yomhlaba othe nkqo (uluhlu lwe-138–155 ng g-1 kubunzulu obungama-45 cm; uMzobo owoNgezelelweyo. 3). Ekuphela kwendawo ebonise ukugxininiswa kwemekyuri engaphezulu komhlaba ngexesha elomileyo lika-2018 yayiyindawo yokugawulwa kwamahlathi kufutshane. idolophu enemigodi (i-Boca Colorado).Kwesi siza, sicinge ukuba ugxininiso oluphezulu kakhulu lunokuba ngenxa yokungcoliseka kwendawo ye-elemental mercury ngexesha lokudityaniswa, njengoko ugxininiso lungazange lunyukele kubunzulu (>5 cm). Iqhezu le-atmospheric mercury deposition ukulahleka ekubalekeni emhlabeni (okt imekyuri ekhutshelwe kwiatmosfera) ngenxa yokugquma kwecanopy isenokuthi ibe sezantsi kakhulu kwiindawo ezinamahlathi kuneendawo ezigawulweyo40, nto leyo ecebisa ukuba umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wemekyuri ufakwe kulondolozo.Ummandla uhlala kumhlaba.Amachibi eemekyuri ewonke kwihlathi eliphambili loLondolozo lweLos Amigos ayengama-9100 μg Hg m-2 phakathi kwe-5 cm yokuqala nangaphezulu kwe-80,000 μg Hg m-2 phakathi kwe-45 cm yokuqala.
Njengoko amagqabi efunxa imekyuri yomoya, endaweni yemekyuri yomhlaba, 30,31 kwaye emva koko athuthe le mercury emhlabeni ngokuwa, kunokwenzeka ukuba izinga eliphezulu lokubekwa kwemekyuri liqhuba iipateni ezibonwe emhlabeni. Ugxininiso lwemercury kumhlaba ongaphezulu kunye noxinzelelo olupheleleyo lwemercury kuzo zonke iindawo zamahlathi, ngelixa kwakungekho budlelwane phakathi kwe-mercury yomhlaba ongaphezulu kunye noxinzelelo olupheleleyo lwe-mercury kwimvula enzima kwiindawo ezigayiweyo (umzobo we-3D) . ukuguquguquka okupheleleyo kwemekyuri kwiindawo ezinamahlathi, kodwa hayi kwiindawo zokugawulwa kwamahlathi (amachibi emekyuri omhlaba ongaphezulu kunye nemvula iyonke yemekyuri fluxes).
Phantse zonke izifundo zongcoliseko lwe-mercury yomhlaba ezinxulumene ne-ASGM zikhawulelwe kwimilinganiselo ye-mercury iyonke, kodwa ukugxininiswa kwe-methylmercury kumisela i-mercury bioavailability kunye nokuqokelelwa kwesondlo esilandelayo kunye nokuvezwa. ngokuqhelekileyo bakholelwa ukuba imihlaba ye-highland ine-concentrations ephantsi ye-methylmercury.Nangona kunjalo, okokuqala, siye sabhala imilinganiselo enokulinganiswa ye-MeHg kwimihlaba ye-Amazonian kufuphi ne-ASGMs, iphakamisa ukuba i-MeHg ephakamileyo igxininise yanda ngaphaya kwe-ecosystems yasemanzini kunye neendawo ezisemhlabeni ngaphakathi kwezi ndawo zichaphazelekayo ze-ASGM. , kuquka nezo zintywiliselwa emanzini ngexesha leemvula.Umhlaba kunye nalawo ahlala eyomileyo unyaka wonke.Ezona ndawo ziphezulu ze-methylmercury kumhlaba ongaphezulu ngexesha le-2018 elomileyo lenzeka kwiindawo ezimbini zamahlathi omgodi (i-Boca Colorado kunye ne-Los Amigos Reserve; 1.4 ng MeHg g-1, 1.4% Hg njenge-MeHg kunye ne-1.1 ng MeHg g−1, ngokulandelanayo, ku-0.79% Hg (njenge-MeHg) Ekubeni ezi pesenti ze-mercury ngendlela ye-methylmercury zithelekiswa nezinye iindawo zomhlaba jikelele (i-Supplementary Fig. 4), ukugxilwa okuphezulu kwe-methylmercury kubonakala ngathi ngenxa yegalelo eliphezulu elipheleleyo leMercury kunye nokugcinwa okuphezulu kwe-mercury iyonke emhlabeni, kunokuguqulwa kwe-net ye-inorganic mercury ekhoyo kwi-methylmercury (i-Supplementary Fig. 5) Iziphumo zethu zibonisa imilinganiselo yokuqala ye-methylmercury kumhlaba okufutshane ne-ASGM kwi-Amazon yasePeru. Ngokutsho kolunye uphononongo luchaze imveliso ephezulu ye-methylmercury kwiindawo ezikhukulayo nezomileyo43,44 kwaye silindele ukuxinana okuphezulu kwe-methylmercury kwihlathi elikufutshane ngexesha lonyaka kunye nemigxobhozo esisigxina enamava.imithwalo imekyuri efanayo.Nangona i-methylmercury Ingaba kukho umngcipheko wetyhefu kwizilwanyana zasendle ezikufutshane nezinto zokwembiwa kwegolide kusafuneka kumiselwe, kodwa la mahlathi akufutshane kwimisebenzi ye-ASGM asenokuba ziindawo ezixhaphakileyo zemercury bioaccumulation kwiiwebhu zokutya ezisemhlabeni.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kunye nentsingiselo entsha yomsebenzi wethu kukubhala ukuthuthwa kwezixa ezikhulu zemercury kumahlathi akufuphi ne-ASGM.Idatha yethu ibonisa ukuba le mercury iyafumaneka, kwaye ihamba, kwi-webs yokutya komhlaba.Ukongezelela, izixa ezibalulekileyo zemercury. zigcinwe kwi-biomass nakwimihlaba kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba zikhululwe ngokutshintsha kokusetyenziswa komhlaba4 kunye nemililo yamahlathi45,46.I-Amazon yase-Peru esemzantsi-mpuma yenye yezona ndawo ziphilayo ezahlukeneyo ze-ecosystem ye-vertebrate kunye ne-insect taxa ku-Earth.Ubume bezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo ngaphakathi kwetropikhi yamandulo engagungqiyo. amahlathi akhuthaza iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zeentaka48 kwaye abonelele ngeendidi zoluhlu olubanzi lweentlobo ezihlala emahlathini49.Ngenxa yoko, ngaphezu kwe-50% yommandla weMadre de Dios uchongwe njengomhlaba okhuselweyo okanye uvimba wesizwe50.Uxinzelelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lokulawula umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni we-ASGM ITambopata National Reserve ikhule kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ikhokelele kwisenzo esikhulu sokunyanzeliswa (Operación Mercurio) ngurhulumente wasePeruvia.ngo-2019.Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ubunzima bamahlathi aphantsi kwe-biodiversity yase-Amazonian yenza ukuba ummandla ube sengozini kakhulu yokulayishwa kwe-mercury kunye nokugcinwa kwimihlaba ngokunyuka kwe-ASGM-enxulumene nokukhutshwa kwe-mercury, okukhokelela kwi-global mercury fluxes ngokusebenzisa amanzi.Owona mlinganiselo uphezulu oxeliweyo wesixa-mali usekwe kuqikelelo lwethu lwangaphambili lwenkunkuma yemercury enyukayo kumahlathi angagungqiyo kufutshane ne-ASGM. Ngelixa uphando lwethu lwenzeka kumahlathi akhuselweyo, ipateni yegalelo eliphakamileyo lemercury kunye nokugcinwa kuya kusebenza kulo naliphi na ihlathi elidala lokukhula. kufutshane nomsebenzi we-ASGM, ukuquka indawo yesithinteli, ngoko ke ezi ziphumo zihambelana namahlathi akhuselweyo nangakhuselwanga.Amahlathi akhuselweyo afana.Ngoko ke, iingozi ze-ASGM kwiindawo ze-mercury azihambelani kuphela nokungeniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-mercury ngokusebenzisa i-atmospheric emissions, ukuchithwa, kunye ne-tailings, kodwa kunye nokukwazi kwendawo yokubamba, ukugcina, nokuguqula i-mercury kwi-bioavailable eninzi. iifom.enxulumene ne- potential.methylmercury, ebonisa iziphumo ezihlukeneyo kwiiphuli ze-mercury zehlabathi kunye nezilwanyana zasendle ezisemhlabeni ngokuxhomekeke kukhuseleko lwamahlathi kufuphi nemigodi.
Ngokuthinjwa imekyuri yomoya, amahlathi angaguqukiyo akufuphi nezobugcisa kunye nemigodi yegolide emincinane anokunciphisa imingcipheko yemekyuri kwindalo yasemanzini ekufuphi kunye namadama eemekyuri asemoyeni wehlabathi. i-ecosystem ngokusebenzisa imililo yamahlathi, ukuphuncuka kunye/okanye ukubaleka45, 46, 51, 52, 53. Kwi-Amazon yasePeru, malunga ne-180 yeetoni zemercury zisetyenziswa minyaka le kwi-ASGM54, apho malunga nekota ikhutshwa emoyeni55, inikwe iConservation Concession. eLos Amigos. Lo mmandla umalunga ne-7.5 ngokuphindaphinda indawo epheleleyo yomhlaba okhuselweyo kunye noovimba bendalo kummandla weMadre de Dios (malunga neehektare ezizigidi ezi-4), enomlinganiselo omkhulu womhlaba okhuselweyo kulo naliphi na elinye iphondo lasePeruvia, kwaye la iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba wamahlathi.Ngokuyinxenye ngaphandle kweradius ye-ASGM kunye ne-mercury. Ngoko ke, ukuthinjwa kwemercury kumahlathi angaguqukiyo akwanelanga ukuthintela i-ASGM-derived mercury ukuba ingene kumadama eengingqi kunye ne-atmospheric mercury pools, iphakamisa ukubaluleka kokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemekyuri ye-ASGM.Ikamva lobuninzi bemercury Imekyuri egcinwe kwiinkqubo zomhlaba ichaphazeleka kakhulu yimigaqo-nkqubo yolondolozo.Izigqibo zexesha elizayo malunga nendlela yokulawula amahlathi angaguqukiyo, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezikufutshane nomsebenzi we-ASGM, ngaloo ndlela zineempembelelo zokuhlanganiswa kwemercury kunye ne-bioavailability ngoku nakumashumi eminyaka ezayo.
Nokuba amahlathi anokuthi ahluthe yonke imekyuri ekhutshiweyo kumahlathi ashinyeneyo, ayisayi kuba liyeza longcoliseko lwemekyuri, njengoko iiweb zokutya ezisemhlabeni zinokuba sesichengeni kwimercury.Siyazi kancinci malunga nokugxilwa kwemercury kwibiota ngaphakathi kwala mahlathi angaguqukiyo, kodwa kuqala imilinganiselo ye-terrestrial mercury deposits kunye ne-methylmercury yomhlaba ibonisa ukuba amanqanaba aphezulu e-mercury emhlabeni kunye ne-methylmercury ephezulu inokunyusa ukubonakaliswa kwabo bahlala kula mahlathi.Imingcipheko kubathengi abakumgangatho ophezulu wesondlo.Idatha evela kwizifundo zangaphambili malunga ne-terrestrial mercury bioaccumulation kumahlathi apholileyo ziye zafumanisa ukuba i-mercury concentrations yegazi kwiintaka ihambelana nokugxininiswa kwe-mercury kwintlenga, kwaye iintaka eziculayo ezitya ukutya okuthathwe ngokupheleleyo emhlabeni zingabonisa ukugxilwa kwe-mercury Iphakanyiswe 56,57.I-56,57. ngokunciphisa ukusebenza kokuzala kunye nempumelelo, ukunciphisa ukusinda kwenzala, ukuphuhliswa kokukhubazeka, ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha, uxinzelelo lomzimba, kunye nokufa58,59.Ukuba lo mzekelo ubambelele kwi-Amazon yasePeruvia, i-mercury fluxes ephezulu eyenzeka kumahlathi angatshintshiyo inokukhokelela ekugxininiseni okuphezulu kwe-mercury. kwiintaka nezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezineziphumo ezibi ezinokubakho. Oku kuxhalabisa ngakumbi kuba lo mmandla uyindawo yezityalo nezilwanyana zehlabathi 60. Ezi ziphumo zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokuthintela ukumbiwa kwegolide kubuchwephesha kunye nakwizinga elincinane ukuba lenzeke kwimimandla ekhuselweyo yesizwe kunye nemimandla engqongileyo engqongileyo. kubo.Ukwenziwa ngokusesikweni kwe-ASGMes15,16 isenokuba yindlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba imihlaba ekhuselweyo ayixhatshazwa.
Ukuvavanya ukuba i-mercury efakwe kule mimandla yamahlathi ingena kwi-web yokutya esemhlabeni, silinganise iintsiba zomsila zeentaka eziculayo ezininzi ezihlala kwi-Los Amigos Reserve (echatshazelwe yimigodi) kunye neSikhululo se-Biological se-Cocha Cashu (iintaka ezindala ezingachaphazelekiyo).Ihlathi lilonke lemercury concentration.growth forest), i-140 km ukusuka kweyona ndawo iphezulu yesampulu yesampulu yaseBokamanu. Kuzo zontathu iindidi apho abantu abaninzi baye bathathwa iisampulu kwindawo nganye, iHg iye yanyuswa kwiintaka zaseLos Amigos xa kuthelekiswa neCocha Cashu (Fig. 4). iphethini yaqhubeka kungakhathaliseki imikhuba yokutya, njengoko isampuli yethu yayiquka i-Myrmotherula axillaris echasene ne-ant-eater, i-ant-followed anti-eater Phlegopsis nigromaculata, kunye ne-Pipra fasciicauda edla iziqhamo (1.8 [n = 10] vs. 0.9 μg g - 1 [n = 2], 4.1 [n = 10] vs. 1.4 μg g-1 [n = 2], 0.3 [n = 46] vs. 0.1 μg g-1 [n = 2]) .Kwi-10 Phlegopsis nigromaculata abantu abasampula kwi-Los Amigos, i-3 idlule i-EC10 (i-concentration esebenzayo yokunciphisa i-10% kwimpumelelo yokuzala), i-3 idlule i-EC20, i-1 idlule i-EC30 (jonga i-EC criteria ku-Evers58), kwaye akukho mntu Cocha Naluphi na uhlobo lweCashu ludlula i-EC10. iziphumo, kunye ne-avareji ye-mercury yoxinaniso ngamaxesha angama-2-3 aphezulu kwiintaka eziculayo ukusuka kumahlathi akhuselweyo akufuphi nomsebenzi we-ASGM,kunye nogxininiso lwemekyuri nganye ukuya kumaxesha ali-12 ngaphezulu, phakamisa iinkxalabo zokuba ungcoliseko lwemercury olusuka kwi-ASGM lunokungena kwiiwebhu zokutya ezisemhlabeni.iqondo lokuxhalaba okukhulu. Ezi ziphumo zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokuthintela umsebenzi we-ASGM kwiipaki zesizwe kunye neendawo ezingqongileyo ezingqongileyo.
Idatha yaqokelelwa kwiLos Amigos Conservation Concessions (n = 10 yeMyrmotherula axillaris [undertory invertivore] kunye nePhlegopsi nigromaculata [ant-following invertivore], n = 46 yePipra fasciicauda [frugivore]; isimboli esingunxantathu obomvu) kunye neendawo ezikude eCocha I-Kashu Biological Station (n = 2 ngeentlobo; iimpawu zesangqa esiluhlaza) .Ugxininiso olusebenzayo (ECs) luboniswa ukunciphisa impumelelo yokuzala nge-10%, i-20% kunye ne-30% (jonga i-Evers58) .Iifoto zeentaka eziguqulwe kwi-Schulenberg65.
Ukususela ngo-2012, ubungakanani be-ASGM kwi-Amazon yasePeru bunyuke ngaphezu kwe-40% kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo kunye ne-2,25 okanye ngaphezulu kwiindawo ezingakhuselekanga. ehlala kula mahlathi.Nokuba abasebenzi basezimayini bayeka ukusebenzisa i-mercury ngokukhawuleza, iziphumo zolu ngcoliseko kwimihlaba lunokuhlala iinkulungwane, kunye namandla okunyusa ilahleko ekugawulweni kwamahlathi kunye nomlilo wamahlathi61,62.Ngaloo ndlela, ungcoliseko lwe-mercury oluvela kwi-ASGM lunokuba nexesha elide. iziphumo kwibiota yamahlathi angaguqukiyo akufuphi ne-ASGM, imingcipheko yangoku kunye nemingcipheko yexesha elizayo ngokukhutshwa kwemekyuri kumahlathi amadala anexabiso eliphezulu lolondolozo.Ukufumanisa kwethu ukuba i-terrestrial biota inokuba semngciphekweni omkhulu wongcoliseko lwemekyuri evela kwi-ASGM kufuneka ibonelele ngokuqhubela phambili kwiinzame eziqhubekayo zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemercury kwi-ASGM. Iinkqubo zokuhluza ukuya kutyalo-mali olucela umngeni kuqoqosho nolwentlalo oluya kuwenza ube sesikweni umsebenzi kunye nokunciphisa inkuthazo yezoqoqosho kwi-ASGM engekho mthethweni.
Sinezikhululo ezihlanu kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-200 zoMlambo iMadre de Dios.Sikhethe iindawo zesampulu ezisekelwe kuba kufutshane nomsebenzi we-ASGM, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-50 phakathi kwendawo nganye yokuthatha iisampulu, efikelelekayo ngoMlambo iMadre de Dios (Umfanekiso 2A). sikhethe iziza ezibini ezingenawo nawuphi na umgodi (i-Boca Manu ne-Chilive, malunga ne-100 kunye ne-50 km ukusuka kwi-ASGM, ngokulandelelana), emva koku kubhekiselwa kuzo “njengeziza ezikude”. iziza ezimbini zemigodi kwihlathi lesibini kufutshane nedolophu yaseBoca Colorado kunye neLaberinto, kunye nesiza semigodi kwihlathi eliyiprayimari elingaguqukiyo.Los Amigos Protection Concessions.Nceda uqaphele ukuba kwiziza zeBoca Colorado kunye neLaberinto kule ndawo yemigodi, umphunga wemercury ukhululwe ekutshisweni. yemercury-gold amalgam yinto eqhelekileyo, kodwa eyona ndawo kunye nesixa ayaziwa njengoko le misebenzi isoloko ingekho mthethweni kwaye iyimfihlo;siya kudibanisa imigodi kunye ne-mercury Alloy combustion ngokudibeneyo ebizwa ngokuba "ngumsebenzi we-ASGM".Ngexesha lonyaka owomileyo we-2018 (ngoJulayi no-Agasti 2018) kunye nexesha lemvula lika-2018 (ngoDisemba 2018) ekucinyweni (imimandla yokugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kwezityalo zemithi) kunye Phantsi kweekheneli zemithi (imimandla yamahlathi), thina abasampulu beSediment bafakelwe kwiindawo ezintlanu kwaye ngoJanuwari 2019) ukuze kuqokelelwe ideposition emanzi (n = 3) kunye nokwehla kokungena (n = 4), ngokulandelelanayo. Iisampulu zemvula zaqokelelwa kwiiveki ezine Ixesha lonyaka elomileyo kunye neeveki ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu kwixesha lemvula. Ngexesha lonyaka wesibini wesampulu yexesha elomileyo (ngoJulayi nango-Agasti 2019), safakela abaqokeleli (n = 4) kwiindawo ezintandathu ezongezelelweyo zehlathi eLos Amigos kangangeeveki ezintlanu, ngokusekwe amazinga aphezulu okubekwa alinganiswe kunyaka wokuqala, Kukho iiplani ze-7 zamahlathi kunye ne-1 indawo yokugawulwa kwamahlathi e-Los Amigos. Umgama phakathi kweeplani wawuyi-0.1 ukuya kwi-2.5 km.Siqokelele enye i-GPS waypoint ngeploti nganye usebenzisa i-Garmin GPS ephathwayo.
Siye safaka iisampulu zomoya wemekyuri kwindawo nganye kwezintlanu ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo lika-2018 (Julayi-Agasti 2018) kunye nexesha lemvula lika-2018 (Disemba 2018-Januwari 2019) kangangeenyanga ezimbini (PAS). ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo kunye neesampulu zePAS ezimbini zafakwa ngexesha lemvula.I-PAS (eyiphuhliswe nguMcLagan et al. 63) iqokelela igaseous elemental mercury (GEM) ngokusasazwa kokwenziwa kunye nokungeniswa kwisulfure-impregnated carbon sorbent (HGR-AC) ngokudlula isithintelo se-Radiello © diffusion.ngoko ke, i-GEM kuphela i-adsorbed kwi-carbon 64. Sasebenzisa izibophelelo zentambo zeplastiki ukuze sifake i-PAS kwisithuba esimalunga ne-1 m ngaphezu komhlaba. ibala eliqokelelweyo elingenanto kunye nokuhamba okungenanto ye-PAS ukuvavanya ungcoliseko olwenziwa ngexesha lesampulu, ukugcinwa kwendawo, ukugcinwa kwebhubhoratri, kunye nothutho lwesampulu.
Ngexesha lokusasazwa kwazo zonke iisayithi ezintlanu zesampulu, sibeke abaqokeleli bemvula abathathu bokuhlalutya i-mercury kunye nabaqokeleli ababini bolunye uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali, kunye nabaqokeleli abane abadlulayo ukuhlalutya i-mercury kwindawo yokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi.umqokeleli, kunye nabaqokeleli ababini bolunye uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali.Abaqokeleli yimitha enye ukusuka komnye nomnye.Qaphela ukuba ngelixa sinenani elihambelanayo labaqokeleli abafakwe kwindawo nganye, ngexesha elithile lokuqokelela sineesayizi ezincinci zeesampulu ngenxa yezantyalantyala zesiza, abantu. ukuphazamiseka kwabaqokeleli, kunye nokungaphumeleli koxhulumaniso phakathi kweetyhubhu kunye neebhotile zokuqokelela.Kwihlathi ngalinye kunye nesiza sokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi, omnye umqokeleli wohlalutyo lwe-mercury wayenebhotile ye-500-mL, ngelixa enye iqulethe ibhotile ye-250-mL;bonke abanye abaqokeleli bohlalutyo lweekhemikhali baqulethe ibhotile ye-250-mL. Ezi sampuli zigcinwe efrijini de zibe zikhululekile, emva koko zithunyelwe e-United States ngomkhenkce, kwaye zigcinwe zigcinwe ngumkhenkce de uhlalutyo. ngokusebenzisa ibhobho entsha ye-styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene block polymer (C-Flex) ene-polyethylene terephthalate entsha ye-Ester copolyester glycol (PETG) ibhotile ene-loop esebenza njengento yokuvala umphunga.Ekuhanjisweni, zonke iibhotile ze-250 mL ze-PETG zenziwe nge-acidified kunye ne-1 mL yokulandelela i-metal grade hydrochloric acid (HCl) kunye nazo zonke iibhotile ze-PETG ze-500 mL zafakwa i-acidified nge-2 mL ibakala lentsimbi ye-HCl. iluphu esebenza njengesitshixo somphunga.Zonke iifunnels zeglasi, iifaneli zeplastiki kunye neebhotile zepolyethylene zazihlanjwe ngeasidi ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.Siqokelele iisampulu sisebenzisa iprotocol yezandla ezingcolileyo zezandla (EPA Method 1669), igcinwe sami-ples ibanda ngokusemandleni de ubuyele e-United States, kwaye emva koko iisampulu zigcinwe kwi-4 ° C de uhlalutyo.Izifundo zangaphambili zisebenzisa le ndlela zibonise i-90-110% ukubuyiswa kwezithuba zebhubhoratri ezingaphantsi komda wokubhaqa kunye ne-spikes37.
Kwisiza ngasinye kwezi zintlanu, siqokelele amagqabi njengamagqabi ecanopy, iisampulu zamagqabi athathiweyo, inkunkuma entsha, kunye nenkunkuma eninzi kusetyenziswa iprotocol yezandla ezicocekileyo-ezimdaka-izandla (EPA Method 1669). Zonke iisampuli zaqokelelwa phantsi kwelayisenisi yokuqokelela evela kwiSERFOR , Peru, kwaye ingeniswe eUnited States phantsi kwelayisenisi yokungenisa i-USDA.Siqokelele amagqabi e-canopy kwiintlobo ezimbini zemithi ezifumaneka kuzo zonke iziza: uhlobo lomthi olusakhulayo (Ficus insipida) kunye nomthi ophakathi (Inga feuilleei).Saqokelela amagqabi. ukusuka kwimithi yemithi kusetyenziswa isilingi seNotch Big Shot ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo lika-2018, imvula ka-2018, kunye nexesha lonyaka elomileyo lika-2019 (n = 3 ngohlobo ngalunye).Siqokelele iisampulu zokubamba amagqabi (n = 1) ngokuqokelela amagqabi kwiploti nganye amasebe angaphantsi kwe-2 m ngaphezu komhlaba ngexesha le-2018 elomileyo, i-2018 yemvula, kunye ne-2019 eyomileyo ye-2019. Ngo-2019, siye saqokelela iisampulu zokubamba amagqabi (n = 1) ukusuka kwi-6 eyongezelelweyo yehlathi eLos Amigos.Siqokelele inkunkuma entsha (“inkunkuma eninzi”) kwiibhaskithi ezinomnatha weplastiki(n = 5) ngexesha lemvula ka-2018 kuzo zonke iindawo ezihlanu zamahlathi kwaye ngexesha le-2019 elomileyo kwibala laseLos Amigos (n = 5) , ubungakanani bethu besampulu bebuncinci ngenxa yezikhukhula zesayithi kunye nokuphazamiseka kwabantu kunye nabaqokeleli.Zonke iibhasikithi zenkunkuma zifakwe kwimitha enye yomqokeleli wamanzi.Siqokelele inkunkuma eninzi njengeesampuli zomhlaba ngexesha le-2018 eyomileyo, i-2018 yemvula, kwaye ixesha elomileyo lonyaka ka-2019.Ngexesha elomileyo lonyaka ka-2019, siye saqokelela inkunkuma eninzi kuzo zonke iindawo zethu zase-Los Amigos.Sifake efrijini zonke iisampuli zamagqabi de zibenokukhenkcezwa kusetyenziswa isikhenkcezisi, emva koko zithunyelwe e-US ngomkhenkce, kwaye emva koko igcinwe emkhenkceni de iqhutywe.
Siqokelele iisampulu zomhlaba ngokuphindwe kathathu (n = 3) kuzo zonke iziza ezintlanu (ezivulekileyo kunye ne-canopy) kunye neploti yaseLos Amigos ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo lika-2019 ngexesha leziganeko ezintathu zonyaka.Zonke iisampuli zomhlaba zaqokelelwa kwimitha enye yomqokeleli wemvula. iisampulu zomhlaba eziqokelelweyo njengomhlaba ongaphezulu phantsi komgangatho we-litter (0-5 cm) usebenzisa i-sampler yomhlaba.Ukongezelela, ngexesha le-2018 elomileyo, siqokelele ama-cores omhlaba ukuya kuma-45 cm ubunzulu kwaye sahlula-hlula ngamacandelo amahlanu obunzulu. qokelela kuphela inkangeleko yomhlaba enye kuba itafile yamanzi ikufutshane nomphezulu womhlaba. Siqokelele zonke iisampuli sisebenzisa iprothokholi yesandla ecocekileyo yezandla (EPA Method 1669). Sayifrijiza yonke iisampulu zomhlaba de zibenokukhenkcezwa kusetyenziswa isikhenkcezisi, emva koko sithunyelwe ngenqanawa. emkhenkceni ukuya eUnited States, kwaye emva koko igcinwe emkhenkceni de kulungiswe.
Sebenzisa iindlwane zenkungu ezibekwe ekuseni nangokuhlwa ukuze ubambe iintaka ngexesha elipholileyo lemini.KwiLos Amigos Reserve, sibeke iindlwane zenkungu ezintlanu (1.8 × 2.4) kwiindawo ezisithoba.Kwisikhululo se-Cocha Cashu Bio, sibeke i-8 ukuya. Iindlwane zenkungu ezili-10 (12 x 3.2 m) kwiindawo ezili-19. Kuzo zombini iziza, siqokelele intsiba yokuqala yomsila wentaka nganye, okanye ukuba akunjalo, intsiba endala elandelayo.Sigcina iintsiba kwiingxowa ezicocekileyo zeZiploc okanye iimvulophu zemanila ezinesilicone. iirekhodi zeefoto kunye nemilinganiselo ye-morphometric ukuchonga iintlobo ngokweSchulenberg65.Zombini izifundo zixhaswe yi-SERFOR kunye nemvume evela kwiBhunga loPhando lweZilwanyana (IACUC) .Xa sithelekisa ukugxininiswa kweentsiba zeentaka ze-Hg, sihlolisise ezo ntlobo ezinentsiba zaqokelelwa kwi-Los Amigos Conservation Concession. kunye neCocha Cashu Biological Station (Myrmotherula axillaris, Phlegopsis nigromaculata, Pipra fasciicauda).
Ukumisela iSalathiso seNdawo yeLeaf (i-LAI), idatha ye-lidar yaqokelelwa kusetyenziswa i-GatorEye Unmanned Aerial Laboratory, i-sensor fusion ye-aerial system engabonakaliyo (bona www.gatoreye.org ngeenkcukacha, ekwafumaneka ngokusebenzisa ikhonkco elithi "2019 Peru Los Friends" ngoJuni " ) I-66.I-lidar yaqokelelwa kwi-Los Amigos Conservation Conservation ngoJuni 2019, kunye nobude be-80 m, isantya sendiza ye-12 m / s, kunye nomgama we-100 m phakathi kweendlela ezikufutshane, ngoko ke izinga lokuphambuka kwecala lifikelele kwi-75. %.Ubuninzi bamanqaku asasazwayo kwiprofayili yehlathi elithe nkqo idlula amanqaku angama-200 ngemitha yesikweri nganye.Indawo yendiza igqwese kuzo zonke iindawo zesampulu eLos Amigos ngexesha elomileyo le-2019.
Silinganise inani elipheleleyo le-Hg yoxinaniso lwe-PAS-eqokelelweyo ye-GEMs nge-thermal desorption, i-fusion, kunye ne-atomic absorption spectroscopy (i-USEPA Indlela ye-7473) isebenzisa isixhobo se-Hydra C (i-Teledyne, i-CV-AAS) . kunye neTeknoloji (i-NIST) i-Standard Reference Material 3133 (isisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-Hg, i-10.004 mg g-1) kunye nomda wokufumanisa i-0.5 ng Hg. Senze uQinisekiso oluQoqoqsho lokuQinisekisa (CCV) usebenzisa i-NIST SRM 3133 kunye neMigangatho yoLawulo loMgangatho (QCS) usebenzisa i-NIST I-1632e (amalahle e-bituminous, i-135.1 mg g-1) .Sahlula isampuli nganye kwisikhephe esahlukileyo, sibeka phakathi kweengqimba ezimbini ezinqabileyo ze-sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) powder, kwaye zayigubungela nge-aluminium hydroxide (Al (OH) 3) i-powder67.Silinganisa umxholo we-HGR-AC yesampuli nganye ukususa nayiphi na i-inhomogeneity kwi-Hg yokusabalalisa kwi-HGR-AC sorbent.Ngoko ke, sibale i-mercury concentration kwisampuli nganye ngokusekelwe kwisamba se-mercury iyonke elinganiswe ngu. isitya ngasinye kunye neIsiqulatho esipheleleyo se-HGR-AC se-sorbent kwi-PAS.Ngenxa yokuba isampula enye ye-PAS yaqokelelwa kwindawo nganye yemilinganiselo yoxinaniso ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo le-2018, ulawulo lwendlela yomgangatho kunye noqinisekiso lwenziwa ngokwamaqela eisampulu kunye neenkqubo zokubeka iliso ezingenanto, imigangatho yangaphakathi, kunye ne-matrix. -Iikhrayitheriya ezihambelanayo.Ngexesha lemvula ka-2018, siphindaphinda imilinganiselo yeesampulu ze-PAS.Amaxabiso athathwa njengowamkelekileyo xa umahluko wepesenti (RPD) yeCCV kunye nemigangatho ehambelana nemilinganiselo yematrix zombini ngaphakathi kwe-5% yokwamkelekileyo. ixabiso, kwaye zonke izikhewu zenkqubo zazingaphantsi komda wokubhaqwa (BDL).Siyilungisile i-mercury iyonke ilinganiswe kwi-PAS sisebenzisa ugxininiso olugqitywe ukusuka kwindawo kunye nezikhewu zohambo (0.81 ± 0.18 ng g-1, n = 5).Sibale iGEM. Ugxininiso kusetyenziswa ubuninzi obungabhalwanga bubonke be-adsorbed mercury eyahlulwe ngexesha lokusasazwa kunye nesantya sesampulu (isixa somoya sokususa i-gaseous mercury ngexesha leyunithi;I-0.135 m3 imini-1)63,68, ilungelelaniselwe ubushushu nomoya osuka kwi-World Weather Online Umyinge weqondo lobushushu kunye nemilinganiselo yomoya efunyenwe kwingingqi yeMadre de Dios68.Impazamo esemgangathweni exeliweyo yoxinaniso lweGEM olulinganisiweyo lusekwe kwimpazamo yomgangatho wangaphandle baleka phambi nasemva kwesampulu.
Sihlalutye iisampulu zamanzi kumxholo wemercury iyonke nge-oxidation nge-bromine chloride ubuncinci iiyure ezingama-24, ilandelwa kukuncitshiswa kwe-stannous chloride kunye nokuhlanjululwa kunye nohlalutyo lomgibe, umphunga obandayo we-atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS), kunye negesi chromatography (GC) yokwahlula (EPA Indlela) I-1631 ye-Tekran 2600 ye-Automatic Total Mercury Analyzer, i-Rev. E) . Senze i-CCV kwiisampuli ze-2018 ezomileyo zisebenzisa i-Ultra Scientific certified aqueous mercury standards (10 μg L-1) kunye nokuqinisekiswa kokuqala kwe-calibration (ICV) usebenzisa i-NIST eqinisekisiweyo yereferensi. I-1641D (i-mercury emanzini, i-1.557 mg kg-1) ) kunye nomda wokufumanisa we-0.02 ng L-1. Kwixesha elimanzi le-2018 kunye neesampuli ze-2019 ezomileyo, sasebenzisa i-Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0 ng L-1 ) yokulinganisa kunye ne-CCV kunye ne-SPEX Centriprep Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) i-multi-element ye-ICV isisombululo somgangatho we-2 A kunye nomda wokufumanisa we-0.5 ng L-1.Yonke imigangatho ifunyenwe ngaphakathi kwe-15% yamaxabiso amkelekileyo.d izikhewu, izithuba zokwetyisa kunye nezikhewu zohlalutyo zizo zonke ii-BDL.
Sikhenkceza umhlaba owomileyo kunye neesampulu zamagqabi iintsuku ezintlanu. Sizihlalutye iisampulu kwaye sazihlalutya ukuze zifumaneke i-mercury iyonke ngokubola kwe-thermal, ukunciphisa i-catalytic, i-fusion, i-desorption, kunye ne-atomic absorption spectroscopy (indlela ye-EPA 7473) kwi-Milestone Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) -80) .Kwiisampuli zexesha elomileyo le-2018, senze iimvavanyo ze-DMA-80 sisebenzisa i-NIST 1633c (i-fly ash, i-1005 ng g-1) kunye ne-National Research Council yaseKhanada eqinisekisiweyo yezinto ezibhekiselele kwi-MESS-3 (intlenga yaselwandle, i-91 ng g. -1).Ulungelelwaniso.Sisebenzise i-NIST 1633c ye-CCV kunye ne-MS kunye ne-MESS-3 ye-QCS kunye nomda wokufumanisa we-0.2 ng Hg. Kwixesha elimanzi le-2018 kunye neesampuli ze-2019 ezomileyo, silinganise i-DMA-80 sisebenzisa i-Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0) ng L-1) .Sisebenzise i-NIST Standard Reference Material 2709a (umhlaba waseSan Joaquin, 1100 ng g-1) kwi-CCV kunye ne-MS kunye ne-DORM-4 (iprotein yentlanzi, i-410 ng g-1) ye-QCS kunye nomda wokufumanisa we-0.5 Kuwo onke amaxesha onyaka, siye sahlalutya zonke iisampulu eziphindwe kabini kunye namaxabiso awamkelweyo xa i-RPD phakathi kweesampulu ezimbini yayingaphakathi kwe-10%. Umndilili wokufunyanwa kwayo yonke imigangatho kunye ne-matrix spikes yayingaphakathi kwe-10% yamaxabiso amkelekileyo, kwaye zonke iindawo ezingenanto zaye. I-BDL.Zonke izigxina ezixeliweyo zinobunzima obomileyo.
Sihlalutye i-methylmercury kwiisampuli zamanzi kuyo yonke imisebenzi emithathu yexesha lonyaka, iisampulu zamagqabi ukusuka kwixesha elomileyo le-2018, kunye neesampulu zomhlaba kuzo zonke izinto ezintathu zonyaka.Sikhuphe iisampuli zamanzi kunye ne-trace-grade sulfuric acid ubuncinane kwi-24 h, i-69 amaqabunga agayiweyo kunye ne-2 I-% potassium hydroxide kwi-methanol ubuncinane i-48 h kwi-55 ° C ubuncinane ubuncinane be-70 h, kunye nomhlaba ocoliweyo nge-microwave kunye ne-trace metal-grade HNO3 acid71,72.Sihlalutye iisampulu ze-2018 zexesha elomileyo nge-ethylation yamanzi usebenzisa i-sodium tetraethylborate, i-purge kunye ne-trap, kunye ne-CVAFS kwi-Tekran 2500 spectrometer (indlela ye-EPA ye-1630) . umda wokubona indlela ye-0.2 ng L-1.Sihlalutye iisampuli ze-2019 ezomileyo zisebenzisa i-sodium tetraethylborate ye-ethylation yamanzi, i-purge kunye nomgibe, i-CVAFS, i-GC, kunye ne-ICP-MS kwi-Agilent 770 (indlela ye-EPA 1630) 73. Brooks Rand Instruments imigangatho yemethylmercury (1 ng L-1) yokulinganisa kunye neCCV kunye nomda wokufumanisa indlela ye-1 pg. Yonke imigangatho ifunyenwe ngaphakathi kwe-15% yamaxabiso amkelekileyo kuwo onke amaxesha onyaka kwaye zonke iindawo ezingenanto yayiyi-BDL.
Kwi-Biodiversity Institute Toxicology Laboratory (ePortland, eMaine, eU.SA), umda wokufumanisa indlela wawuyi-0.001 μg g-1.Silinganisa i-DMA-80 usebenzisa i-DOLT-5 (isibindi se-dogfish, 0.44 μg g-1), CE-464 (5.24) μg g-1), kunye ne-NIST 2710a (umhlaba waseMontana, 9.888 μg g-1) .Sisebenzisa i-DOLT-5 kunye ne-CE-464 ye-CCV kunye ne-QCS.Ukubuyiswa okuqhelekileyo kwayo yonke imigangatho bekungaphakathi kwe-5% yamaxabiso amkelekileyo, kwaye zonke iindawo ezingenanto. Beziyi-BDL.Zonke iireplicates bezingaphakathi kwe-15% ye-RPD.Zonke iintsiba ezixeliweyo zoxinaniso lwemercury zibubunzima obutsha (fw).
Sisebenzisa i-0.45 μm i-membrane filters ukucoca iisampulu zamanzi uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo lwekhemikhali.Sihlalutye iisampulu zamanzi ze-anions (i-chloride, i-nitrate, i-sulfate) kunye ne-cations (i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium, i-sodium) nge-ion chromatography (indlela ye-EPA 4110B) [USEPA, 2017a] usebenzisa i-Dionex ICS 2000 ion chromatograph .Yonke imigangatho ifunyenwe ngaphakathi kwe-10% yamaxabiso amkelekileyo kwaye zonke iindawo ezingenanto zaziyi-BDL.Sisebenzisa i-Thermofisher X-Series II ukuhlalutya izinto zokulandelela kwiisampuli zamanzi nge-inductively plasma mass spectrometry.Instrument. imigangatho yokulinganisa ilungiswe ngokuxutywa okulandelelanayo komgangatho wamanzi oqinisekisiweyo we-NIST 1643f.Isithuba esimhlophe sonke yi-BDL.
Zonke ii-fluxes kunye namachibi axelwe kwisicatshulwa kunye namanani asebenzisa amaxabiso okuxininisa amaxabiso exesha elomileyo nelemvula.Jonga iTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo 1 malunga noqikelelo lwamachibi kunye nokuqukuqela (umyinge wokuguquguquka konyaka wawo omabini amaxesha onyaka) usebenzisa ubuncinci kunye nowona mlinganiselo mkhulu wogxininiso ngexesha lonyaka. ixesha elomileyo kunye nemvula.Sibale i-mercury yehlathi ephuma kwi-Los Amigos Conservation Concession njengegalelo le-mercury elishwankathelweyo ngokuhla kunye ne-litter.Sibale i-Hg fluxes ukusuka ekugawulweni kwamahlathi ukusuka kwi-bulk precipitation Hg deposition.Ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo yemvula yemihla ngemihla evela eLos Amigos (eqokelelwe njengenxalenye ye-EBLA kwaye ifumaneka kwi-ACCA ngesicelo), sibale i-avareji eyongezelekayo yemvula yonyaka kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo (2009-2018) ibe malunga ne-2500 mm yr-1 .Qaphela ukuba kwikhalenda yonyaka ka-2018, imvula yonyaka isondele kulo myinge ( 2468mm), ngelixa ezona nyanga zinemvula (ngoJanuwari, ngoFebruwari nangoDisemba) zithatha malunga nesiqingatha semvula yonyaka (1288mm ye-2468mm).Ngoko ke sisebenzisa i-avareji yokugxilwa kwexesha elimanzi kunye nelomileyo kuzo zonke izibalo ze-flux kunye ne-pool pool. Amaxabiso oncwadi exeliweyo yee-mercury fluxes zonyaka ezisuka kumahlathi ashinyeneyo ahluka phakathi kokwanda koxinzelelo lwemercury ukusuka kumaxesha omileyo nemvula okanye ukusuka kumaxesha onyaka owomileyo, xa kuthelekiswa nokunyuka kwethu okubaliweyo kumaxabiso oncwadi, sithelekisa ngokuthe ngqo i-mercury yethu ebalwayo, ngelixa esinye isifundo sithatha iisampulu. kuwo omabini amaxesha onyaka owomileyo kunye namanzi, kwaye siphinde siqikelele ukuguquguquka kwethu kusetyenziswa kuphela ugxininiso lwemercury yexesha elomileyo xa olunye uphononongo luthatha iisampulu kuphela ngexesha elomileyo (umz., 74).
Ukumisela isiqulatho semercury yonyaka kuyo yonke imvula, imvula eninzi kunye nenkunkuma eLos Amigos, sisebenzise umahluko phakathi kwexesha elomileyo (umyinge wazo zonke iindawo zaseLos Amigos ngo-2018 nango-2019) kunye nexesha lemvula (umyinge ka-2018) uwonke. Ukugxininiswa kwe-mercury.Ukusetyenziswa kwe-mercury epheleleyo kwezinye iindawo, ukugxininiswa okuphakathi kwe-2018 eyomileyo kunye nexesha lemvula le-2018 lisetyenzisiwe.Kwimithwalo ye-methylmercury, sasebenzisa idatha ukusuka kwixesha elomileyo le-2018, unyaka kuphela apho i-methylmercury yalinganiswa. Ukuqikelela i-litter mercury fluxes, sasebenzisa uqikelelo loncwadi lwemilinganiselo ye-litter kunye ne-mercury concentrations eqokelelwe kumagqabi kwiibhasikithi zenkunkuma kwi-417 g m-2 yr-1 kwi-Amazon yasePeru. sisebenzise umhlaba olinganisiweyo opheleleyo we-Hg (i-2018 kunye ne-2019 yamaxesha omileyo, i-2018 yemvula) kunye nokugxilwa kwe-MeHg kwi-2018 eyomileyo, kunye nobuninzi obuqikelelwayo be-1.25 g cm-3 kwi-Amazon75 yaseBrazil.yenza ezi zibalo zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kwindawo yethu yophononongo engundoqo, i-Los Amigos, apho iiseti zedatha yemvula yexesha elide zikhoyo, nalapho ubume obupheleleyo behlathi buvumela ukusetyenziswa koqikelelo lwenkunkuma oluqokelelwe ngaphambili.
Senza i-lidar flightlines sisebenzisa i-GatorEye multiscale postprocessing workflow, edibanisa ngokuzenzekelayo ifu edibeneyo edibeneyo kunye neemveliso ze-raster, kubandakanywa iimodeli zokuphakama kwedijithali (DEMs) kwisisombululo se-0.5 × 0.5 m. Iimitha ze-19S) njengegalelo kwi-GatorEye Leaf Area Density (G-LAD) ukuhamba komsebenzi, ebala uqikelelo lwendawo yegqabi elilinganisiweyo kwi-voxel nganye (m3) (m2) emhlabeni wonke phezulu kwi-canopy kwisisombululo se-1 × 1 × I-1 m, kunye ne-LAI efunyenweyo (isamba se-LAD ngaphakathi kwekholamu nganye ethe nkqo ye-1 × 1 m).
Senze lonke uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani sisebenzisa i-R inguqulo ye-3.6.1 ye-software yezibalo 76 kunye nazo zonke iziboniso zisebenzisa i-ggplot2.Senze iimvavanyo zobalo sisebenzisa i-alpha ye-0.05.Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezimbini eziguquguqukayo zobungakanani zavavanywa kusetyenziswa izikwere eziqhelekileyo ezincinci zokubuyela umva.Senze uthelekiso phakathi kweesayithi sisebenzisa i uvavanyo nonparametric Kruskal kunye pairwise Wilcox uvavanyo.
Yonke idatha efakwe kulo mbhalo wesandla inokufumaneka kwiiNkcukacha ezoNgezelelweyo kunye neefayile zedatha ezihambelanayo.I-Conservación Amazónica (ACCA) inikezela ngedatha yemvula xa icela.
I-Natural Resources Defense Council.Artisanal Gold: Amathuba oTyalo-mali oluXanduva - Isishwankathelo.Utyalo-mali kwiSishwankathelo seGolide yeArtisan v8 https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/investing-artisanal-gold-summary.pdf (2016).
Asner, GP & Tupayachi, R. Ukukhawuleza ukulahleka kwamahlathi akhuselweyo ngenxa yemigodi yegolide kwi-Peruvian Amazon.environment.reservoir.Wright.12, 9 (2017).
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I-Dethier, EN, Sartain, SL & Lutz, DA Amanqanaba anyusiweyo amanzi kunye nokuguquguquka kwamaxesha athile emilanjeni enqunyanyiswayo yentlenga kwiindawo ezitshisayo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo ngenxa yokwembiwa kwegolide.Process.National Academy of Sciences.science.US 116, 23936–23941 (2019).
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Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-24-2022